history
n. events of the past; written narrative of past events | ||||
History definition was found in categories: Computer & Internet(2) Language, Idioms & Slang(11) Social Science(2) Medicine(2) Entertainment & Music(2) Science & Technology(1) Society & Culture(1) Sports(1) Encyclopedia(1)
| FOLDOC |
Great Renaming Analytical Engine magnetostrictive delay line Bletchley Park Gottlob Frege SCALLOP paper tape Harvard Mark II Machine Iron Age Jacquard loom Difference Engine Hunt the Wumpus Manchester Autocode mercury delay line Plankalkl Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line punched card VisiCalc /vi'zi-calk/ TYMNET
1. <operating system> A record of previous user inputs (e.g. to a command interpreter) which can be re-entered without re-typing them. The major improvement of the C shell (csh) over the Bourne shell (sh) was the addition of a command history. This was still inferior to the history mechanism on VMS which allowed you to recall previous commands as the current input line. You could then edit the command using cursor motion, insert and delete. These sort of history editing facilities are available under tcsh and GNU Emacs.
2.
3. See Usenet newsgroups news:soc.history and news:alt.history for discussion of the history of the world.
(1995-04-05)
| Babylon 5 - The place to be ... |
During the 25 years that Babylon 5 was in service, the station faced many threats and saw big times of peace and joy. The most remarkably events occurred in the time between 2257 and 2262 . These five years were the peaktime of the station and the people living there. The people saw the rise and fall of the new Centauri Republic , the devastating fights against the Shadows , terrible threats from unknown aliens and civil wars between the people of one race.
See Historic Events: Human-Minbari 1st contact , Earth Civil War , Battle against Shadows , Battle at Coriana 6 , Battle at Proxima 3 , Battle for Earth , Sleeping in Light ,Thirdspace , A Call to arms
Centauri Republic - History
Two intelligent lifeforms were living on Centauri Prime long time ago. Both races had nearly the same technology level and were only separated by a large ocean. War was declared shortly after both developed the technology for extended sea voyages where they met each other.
It was a very brutal war in which the Centauri lost many battles because the Xon were physically stronger than the Centauri. All bigger Centauri Houses united when the Xon killed about 2 million Centauri in the City of Yandantrio. The Centauri finally managed to kill the last Xon in 511 AD.
After being the only intelligent lifeform on their planet, the Centauri concentrated on rebuilding their world. In the year 1241 AD they found an alien ship that crashed on their planet. This ship gave them the technology to travel into space and colonize most moons in their systems. After they discovered hyperspace and jump technology, the Centauri made contact with several other races.
When they saw that the new discovered race was less advanced they tried to conquer their colonies and planets but when they met races with at least the same technology level like the Minbari, the Centauri decided not to go into a battle.
The Centauri continued this way of expansion policy for some hundred years. Finally about 30% of the known galaxy was under their control. Even the Minbari had not that number of colonies and systems under their control. But like all big empires that have been build on conquest, war and slavery, decline was only a matter of time. Colony after colony separated from the republic and the Centauri lost their status as galactic superpower.
Many years after their fall to a galactic average race, the Centauri began building up their former empire again. During their second drive to the galaxy, they found the Narn. The Narn homeworld was very rich on resources and the people of Narn welcomed the Centauri. This changed when the Centauri occupied the planet and sent millions of Narns into slavery. After 100 years of occupation the Centauri left Narn because the resistance movement was too strong and most resources of the planet have been exploited. The Narn sought for revenge and so the Centauri lost many systems and colonies to the Narn.
In 2198 the Centauri made contact with the Humans. They first saw a lost colony in Earth and so many trade treaties were made. They allowed the Humans to use their jumpgates and later sold the technology needed to build the jumpgates to the Humans.
One of the major goals was to reclaim their old power and place in the galaxy. When Mr. Morden, the Shadow"representative", asked Centauri Ambassador Londo Molari"What do you want ?", Molari answered ...
More...
Drakh - History
The Drakh are a former ally of the Shadows. They were mainly used as a raiding force within the Shadow Realm. The Drakh started a nomadic existence after the destruction of Za'Ha'Dum and searched for a new homeplanet. During their search they undermined the Centauri government and placed the so called "Keepers" in many key positions. A Keeper is a parasite which is able to control the person it is "attached" on. The controlled person is only able to speak freely when the Keeper is sleeping.
The Drakh wanted revenge for the destruction of large parts of Shadow forces on Centauri Prime and so they manipulated the mind of the Regent to start secret raids against members of the Interstellar Alliance. These raids finally led into an attack on Centauri Prime in which many people died.
In 2267 the Drakh attacked Earth with a huge armada. Although the forces of the Interstellar Alliance and Earth managed to destroy or drive off all Drakh ships, the Drakh managed to poison Earth's atmosphere with a deadly virus. This virus would kill all human live on Earth five years after it was set free. As a result of the plague, Earth has been quarantined. Forces of the Interstellar Alliance patrolled Earth space to prevent any escape from the poisoned planet.
Earth - History
What is it that makes the humans so special? What is it that draws you to them? They fight. They argue. They are ruled by passions and fears." 'Yes, and that is their strength. They do not seek conformity. They do not surrender. Out of their differences comes symmetry, their unique capacity to fight against impossible odds. Hurt them and they only comeback stronger. The passions we deplore have taken them to their place in their stars and will propel them to a great destiny. Their only weakness is that they do not recognize their own greatness. They forget that they have come to this place through two million years of evolution, struggle and blood and they are better than they think and nobler than they know. They carry within them the capacity to walk amongst the stars like giants. They are the future and we have much to learn from them.'
- Gray Council members and Delenn, "Babylon Squared"
The Human history of the last 5000 years has been dominated by wars and destruction in which millions died. Earth was divided into several unions for a long time which fought against each other. This changed with the founding of the "United Nations" in the mid 20th Century. Later the Earth Alliance was founded and replaced the United Nations organization.
A key point of Human evolution is their extreme high development speed. Humans managed to fly into space for the first time only about 60 years after the first "mechanical flight" has been recorded. From that point it took only another 200 years to reach a technology level like that of the Centauri . There are many indications that Human technology will soon be as advanced as the Minbari technology. The Minbari and Centauri needed several thousands of years to reach their current level, only the Narn can stand against the Human evolution speed
Earth Alliance began setting up colonies in 2090. Other colonies followed in the Sol-System but mankind was "trapped" in their home system. No "faster than light" technology had been developed and so "Sleeper Ships" had been used for many years. This changed rapidly when the Centauri made contact with the Humans in 2155. The Centauri offered to trade goods and technology to Earth, boosting Earths technology level into new heights.
Human ships were allowed to use the Centauri jumpgates for a small fee and later the Centauri completely sold the jumpgate technology to Earth. From this point, Earth began building colonies in many systems. Earth Alliance to the rank of a galactic superpower after declaring war against the Dilgar. The Dilgar fought against the League of Non-Aligned Worlds and the Narn and were on the verge of success when without any notice Earth Force vessels joined the other races.
More...
Minbari Federation - History
The Minbari are the oldest of the younger races and thus the most powerful race after the First-Ones (e.g. Vorlons, Shadows , Walkers of Sigma 957,...) left beyond the rim in 2261 . The Minbari civilization is much older than civilization on Earth or Centauri Prime. In a time where Christian crusades devastated huge parts on Earth, the Minbari had already developed space travel and fought side on side with the Vorlons in a big war against the Shadows.
The Minbari population is divided into three different casts (Warrior cast, Religious cast and Worker cast). Each Minbari is born into one of these casts and is normally not allowed to change into any other cast. The cast system was introduced during the "First Triumvirate" where the population was living like nomads. Several families formed clans which later resulted in the three casts.
The "First Triumvirate" lasted several thousand years and ended when 20 clans gathered in the valley of Tuquali. During this meeting the 20 clans was the basis of a new age where the Minbari lived together in peace. Soon after this meeting, tensions began to rise because the Religious cast tried to seize all power. The "Second Triumvirate" was dominated by these struggles for leadership.
The "Third Triumvirate" began about 3000 years ago and could be called "the age of colonization". The Minbari had developed space travel and began to colonize several moons in their homesystem.Not long after their first step into space, the Vorlons contacted the Minbari. During 200 years of relationship between the two races, the Vorlon pushed the Minbari technology into new heights. The reason for this "developing aid" was a war between the Vorlons and the Shadows . The Vorlons needed allies to win the war against their enemy.
Even with many other races on their side, the Vorlons had many problems in defeating the Shadows. During several years of war, many planets had been devastated and many civilizations destroyed. When the Vorlon-Minbari alliance was nearly defeated an unknown Minbari who called himself Valen appeared on the scene.
He presented a huge space station to the Minbari. This station should become the replacement for the destroyed headquarters of the alliance.Valen was a Minbari but not born of Minbari. Under his leadership the Minbari fought and won against the Shadows. During the war tensions between the casts began to rise again. Valen didn't want to support one of the casts and formed the "Anla-Shok". Some within the warrior caste were organized into an elite corps to combat the Shadows. More...
Narn Regime - History
The Narn homeworld has always been a target for invasions. Long time ago the Shadows established a resupply depot on one of the continents.
"They came to our world over a 1000 years ago. Long before we went to the stars ourselves. They set up a base on one of our southern continents, they took little interest in us. G'Quan believed they were engaged in a War far outside our own world." - G'Kar to Mr. Endawi, "Matters Of Honor"
The Shadows killed nearly all Narn telepaths during their occupation. One of their leaders, G'Quan, set up an army with the remaining telepaths and drove the Shadows from his home world. For a long time Narn was a peaceful planet.
When the Centauri invaded Narn in 2109 one of the darkest chapter in Narn history began. The planet was very rich on minerals and had a strategical good position which the Centauri needed for their second drive towards the galaxy. In the following 100 years of occupation, the Centauri stripped the minerals and other resources from the planet they needed for their expansion policy, leaving a wasteland behind. They killed and slaughtered millions of Narns before the Narn were finally able to drive the Centauri off their planet. The Narn swore that something like this must not happen again.
"More than a century ago the Centauri came to us under the flag of friendship. We greeted them as brothers and they enslaved us. They put our world and our people to the sword. They demanded worship and sacrifice as would any gods; and as gods they have made us in their image. Now it is time to show how well we have learned the lesson the Centauri teach: it is time to take the war they started back to our new gods -- and any race who would stand between us!"
Until this point, the Narn people have always been farmers, but now they wanted to claim what they thought was their place in the galaxy. The Narn bought and stole technology from other races and used reverse-engineering to get at least some parts of the technology, that the Centauri left behind when they left the planet. Now, believing to be superpowers themselves, the Narn began to conquer other, less advanced races like the Tuchanq. They did the same that the Centauri did 100 years ago.
Relationship with the Humans was first very complicated because the Narn thought that they had to deal with the Centauri. The Humans and the Centauri nearly looked the same and so a misunderstanding led into a small battle between these races. This changed rapidly when the Earth Alliance helped the Narn and the League of Non-Aligned to fight against the Dilgar. The Dilgar attempted to invade the Non-Aligned sectors in 2230. The Narn, hoping to gain more power and prestige, joined the League to fight against the Dilgar. Upon Earth's entry, the war was going on very bad for the Narn and the League and they lost huge parts of their fleets and entire planets and colonies. With Earth on their side, the alliance fought the Dilgar back to their homeworld.
Tensions between the Narn and the Centauri began to rise again, when the Narn conquered the Centauri colony at Raghesh 3. The cold war was over and severalsmaller battles occurred. A Narn military outpost in Quadrant 37 was destroyed by the Shadows on behalf of Centauri Ambassador Londo Molari. More...
Shadow Realm - History
"There are beings in the universe billions of years older than either of our races. Once, long ago, they walked among the stars like giants, vast and timeless. They taught the younger races, explored beyond the rim, created great empires. But to all things there is an end. Slowly, over a million years, the First Ones went away. Some passed beyond the stars, never to return. Some simply disappeared." "Not all of the First Ones have gone away. A few stayed behind, hidden or asleep. Waiting for the day when they may be needed, when the Shadows come again." 'Shadows?' "We have no other name for them." "The Shadows were old when even the Ancients were young. They battled one another over and over across a million years. The last great war against the Shadows was ten thousand years ago. It was the last time the Ancients walked openly among us. The Shadows were only defeated, not destroyed. A thousand years ago, the Shadows returned to their places of power rebuilt them, and began to stretch forth their hand. Before they could strike, they were defeated by an alliance of worlds, including the Minbari and the few remaining First Ones who had not yet passed beyond the Veil. When they had finished, the First Ones went away... all but one." - Delenn and Sheridan, "In The Shadow of Z'Ha'Dum"
The Shadows are the second oldest race in the universe, only Lorien's race is older. They gained hyperspace technology many million years before the Vorlons went into space. Their technology level is extremely advanced but hasn't developed any further during last thousands of years.
When most of the First-Ones chose to go beyond the rim, the Shadows and the Vorlons stayed behind and became some kind of teachers to the younger races. Both had a totally different "philosophy of life", in which the Shadows stood for chaos and the Vorlons for order. In the eyes of the Shadows, only the strongest races could evolve. From time to time they appeared and started wars with the Vorlons. Later they persuaded younger races to fight against their neighbors, with the winning race standing out of the ashes again.
The last great Shadow war occurred 10000 years ago but the Shadows were only defeated and not destroyed in this war. In 1200 AC they returned but an alliance between many races, including the Vorlons and the Minbari , defeated the Shadows before they could gain more power. In order to save their ships the Shadows "buried" them on hundreds of planets to use the vessels in wars to come. More...
Vorlon Empire - History
The Vorlons are a member of the First-Ones and thus belong to the oldest races in the galaxy, although they are not as old as the Shadows. Their technology level is extremely high giving them an advance over all of the younger races. The Vorlons were able to use the hyperspace for space travel over one million years ago.
The Vorlon society was nearly destroyed when they built a gateway into a other dimension where they found a powerful race. The Vorlons believed that they were the strongest race in the galaxy but they were wrong.
Many Vorlons were killed in the war until they finally managed to stop the alien race. The gateway was lost in hyperspace before the Vorlons could destroy it.
The Vorlon society is based on logic and order, a concept that is not the basis for all other races. This different "philosophy of life" was the reason for several wars with other members of the First-Ones. One of these members were the Shadows, who could be called "Lords of Chaos". While the Vorlons believe that order and logic is the key for evolution, the Shadows believe in chaos and war.
Nearly all younger races have been extinct during the last great war against the Shadows around 10000 BC. After this war most of the First-Ones decided the leave this galaxy and move beyond the rim. Some First-Ones, including the Vorlons and Shadows stayed behind and began teaching the younger races their philosophy. First both sides respected the rules and a balance established between both races.
After thousands of years the Vorlons began manipulating the genetic code of the younger races. They wanted to change the evolution of these races so that they become more like Vorlons. The Shadows felt confined and launched another war against the Vorlons. After many years of fighting, both were to tired to continue and decided that the younger races could fight their wars.
More...
| Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) |
(v. t.)
To narrate or record.
(n.)
A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; -- distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual's life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory.
(n.)
A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient's case; the history of a legislative bill.
| WordNet 2.0 |
Noun
1. the aggregate of past events; "a critical time in the school's history"
(hypernym) past, past times, yesteryear, yore
(part-meronym) antiquity
2. the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future; "all of human history"
(hypernym) continuum
3. a record or narrative description of past events; "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead"
(synonym) account, chronicle, story
(hypernym) record
(hyponym) ancient history
4. the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings; "he teaches Medieval history"; "history takes the long view"
(hypernym) humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts, arts
(class) Boston Tea Party
5. all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge; "the dawn of recorded history"; "from the beginning of history"
(hypernym) cognition, knowledge, noesis
| The Devil's Dictionary |
History, (n.)
An account mostly false, of events mostly unimportant, which are brought about by rulers mostly knaves, and soldiers mostly fools.
Of Roman history, great Niebuhr's shown
'Tis nine-tenths lying. Faith, I wish 'twere known,
Ere we accept great Niebuhr as a guide,
Wherein he blundered and how much he lied. Salder Bupp
| ENGLISH IDIOMS 2.EDITION |
fired, dismissed, gone, down the road If you refuse to do a job, you're history, pal.
| The Phrase Finder |
Origin
Henry Ford quotation.
| Australian Slang |
1. smb. dead; 2. smth. ruined or incapacitated; 3. smth. broken beyond repair
Ancient history
information or events of the recent past which are common knowledge or are no longer relevant: "As far as I'm concerned, he's ancient history"; finished or gone irrevocably
Be history
1. be dead; 2. be ruined or incapacitated; 3. be broken beyond repair
| English Idioms WM 1.3a |
| hEnglish - advanced version |
history
\his"to*ry\ (?), n.; pl. histories (#). [l. historia, gr. 'istori`a history, information, inquiry, fr. 'istwr, "istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of &?; to know; akin to e. wit. see wit, and cf. story.]
1. a learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient's case; the history of a legislative bill.
2. a systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; -- distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual's life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory. histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul. arlyle. for aught that i could ever read, could ever hear by tale or history. what histories of toil could i declare!
history
piece, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action.
similar words(6)
myth history
natural history
life history
history piece
landmarks of history
medical history
| Concise English-Irish Dictionary v. 1.1 |
stair, f.; seanchus, m.
| English Phonetics |
| JM Welsh <=> English Dictionary |
Hanes = n. relation, history
Hanesyddiaeth
Hanesyddiaeth = n. historiography; history in the abstract
Ysdori
Ysdori = n. history, story
| Dream Dictionary |
To dream that you are reading history, indicates a long and pleasant recreation.
| Dream Quotations |
I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past.
| Dictionary of Medicine (Shahram) |
In medicine, the patient's past and present which may hopefully contain clues helpful to their future health.
| Labtests Abbreviations KÖRFEZLAB |
I
| English to Federation-Standard Golic Vulcan |
vesht-var
| English - Klingon |
n. qun
| HAM-codes |
1. The meanings of the Aeronautical Code signals were assigned by ICAO. Since, in general, only stations of the Aeronautical Service will have available copies of the Aeronautical Code it should not be used in communications with stations of other services unless it is known that the station concerned is familiar with the code.
2. Q signals may be amplified or completed by the addition of appropriate location indicators, approved abbreviations, signals, call signs, figures or numbers.
2.1. The information necessary to complete a signification, as indicated by a blank space, shall be given except when:
(a) The blank spaces are enclosed within parentheses to indicate that their completion is optional.
(b) an alternative meaning shown in parentheses is selected and the blank space in this alternative meaning is completed.
2.2. The information used to complete the blank spaces shall be sent immediately after the Q signal in the sequence shown in the signification.
2.3. Expressions or words in parentheses which do not include blank spaces have the following significance
(a) when following a blank space, the explanation of the information to be used in filling in the preceding blank.
(b) when following a word or expression, an alternative to the word or expression.
2.4. Q signals shall be read as a question when followed by a note of interrogation signal (IMI). When a signal is used as a question and is followed by additional or complementary information, the note of interrogation signal shall follow this information.
2.5. Q signals that are capable of being given an affirmative or negative sense shall be read in the appropriate sense when immediately followed by the signal YES in the case of the affirmative or the signal NO in the case of the negative.
2.6. Q signals used in the aeronautical service that are capable of being given the sense of an order shal be read in this sense when immediately followed by the signal ORD.
2.7. Q signals with numberes alternative significations shall be followed by the appropriate figure to indicate the exact meaning intended. This figure shall be sent immediately following the Q signal.
2.8. All times shall be given in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) unless otherwise indicated in the question or reply.
| Glossary of Tea Terms |
Important Dates
In The History Of Tea
2737 B.C.E. Tea first discovered in China by the Second Emperor, Shen Nung, known as the Divine Healer.
350 A.C.E. The first description of drinking tea is written in a Chinese dictionary.
400 - 600 The demand for tea rose steadily. Rather than harvest leaves from wild trees, farmers began to develop ways to cultivate tea. Tea was commonly made into roasted cakes, which were then pounded into small pieces and placed in a china pot. After adding boiling water, onion, spices, ginger or orange were introduced to produce many regional variations.
479 Turkish traders bartered for tea on the Mongolian border.
618-906 T'ang Dynasty. Powdered Tea became the fashion of the time. Nobility made it a popular pastime. Caravans carried tea on the Silk Road, trading with India, Turkey and Russia.
780 Poet Lu Yu, wrote the first book of tea, making him a living saint, patronized by the Emperor himself. The book described methods of cultivation and preparation.
805 The Buddhist monk Saicho brought tea seeds to Japan from China.
960-1280 Sung dynasty. Tea was used widely. Powdered tea had become common. Beautiful ceramic tea accessories were made during this time. Dark-blue, black and brown glazes, which contrasted with the vivid green of the whisked tea, were favored.
1101-1125 Emperor Hui Tsung wrote about the best ways to make whisked tea. A strong patron of the tea industry, he had tournaments in which members of the court identified different types of tea. Legend has it that he became so obsessed with tea he hardly noticed the Mongols who overthrew his empire. During his reign, teahouses built in natural settings became popular among the Chinese.
1191 Eisai Myoan, the monk who brought Zen Buddhism to Japan, returned from a trip to China with tea seeds, which he planted on the grounds of his temple near Kyoto. Eisai experimented with different ways to brew tea, finally adopting the Chinese whisked tea.
1206 - 1368 Yuan Dynasty. Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan conquered Chinese territories and established a Mongolian dynasty in power for more than a century. Tea became an ordinary drink, never regaining the high status it once enjoyed. Marco Polo was not even introduced to tea when he visited.
1211 In Japan, Eisai wrote a small book on tea, elevating its popularity further.
1368-1644 Ming Dynasty. People again began to enjoy tea. The new method of preparation was steeping whole leaves in water. The resulting pale liquid necessitated a lighter color ceramic than was popular in the past. The white and off white tea-ware produced became the style of the time. The first Yixing pots were made at this time.
1422-1502 The Japanese tea ceremony was created by a Zen priest named Murata Shuko, who had devoted his life to tea. The ceremony is called Cha No Yu, which means "hot water for tea."
1610 The Dutch brought tea to Europe from China, trading dried sage in exchange.
1618 Chinese ambassadors presented Czar Alexis with a gift of several chests of tea.
1657 Tea was first sold in England at Garway's Coffee House in London.
1661 The Taiwanese began to drink wild tea.
1662 Charles II took Catherine Braganza of Portugal as his wife. They both drank tea, creating a fashion for it. Its popularity among the aristocracy causes alcohol beverages to fall from favor.
1669 Close to 150 pounds of tea were shipped to England.
1689 Traders with three hundred camels traveled 11,000 miles to China and back in order to supply Russia’s demand. The trip took sixteen months.
More...
| World Cup 2006 Teams and Players |
The first Australian national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand. During that tour, Australia suffered two defeats and scraped together a draw. Australia, New Zealand, China and South Africa would become regular opponents in "Test" or "Friendly" matches for the next 25 years. With the advent of cheap air travel, Australia would diversify its range of opponents. However, its geographical isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 80 years.
More in this subject:Early World Cup Qualifying Attempts
USA 1994 Qualifying Campaign
France 1998 Qualifying Campaign
Korea/Japan 2002 Qualifying Campaign
Outside Qualification Campaigns
Acceptance into the AFC
Germany 2006 Qualifying Campaign
Preparation For The 2006 FIFA World Cup
see 2006 FIFA World Cup...
see World Cup 2006 - Teams...
© This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
History - Brazil
Brazil is the only nation to have qualified for every FIFA World Cup finals tournament and the first to win it five times (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002). Considering the two second places (1950 and 1998) and the two third places (1938 and 1978), as well as many other honours, it is considered the most successful national football team in the world.
More in this subject:Early history
World Cup 1958
The Pelé era (1958–1970)
1974–1990
More success (1994–present)
see 2006 FIFA World Cup...
see World Cup 2006 - Teams...
© This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
History - Ecuador
Ecuador has traditionally been regarded as one of the weakest South American sides, having failed to qualify for a World Cup prior to 2002. However, the country was never short of footballing talent.
They first participated in qualifying in the 1962 campaign but were well beaten by Argentina over two games. However, the 1966 qualifying campaign provided Ecuador with a golden opportunity. They would be drawn against 1962 hosts and third-place finishers Chile and a weakened Colombia. The Ecuador side for the 1966 qualifiers contained stars such as Washington Muñoz, Alberto Spencer, Carlos Raffo, Enrique Raymondi and Jorge Bolaños. They looked to have a foot in the 1966 World Cup before they faced Chile away in their final game and lost 3-1, forcing a play-off in Peru. The play-off was won 2-1 by Chile. Nevertheless, this would still be regarded as one of the finest teams Ecuador has produced to date.
Further runs in World Cup qualifying eluded Ecuador until the 1998 campaign, but they have since qualified for two successive World Cups.
see 2006 FIFA World Cup...
see World Cup 2006 - Teams...
© This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
History - England
More in this subject:
Early years
Post-war
1966 World Cup
Decline in the 1970s
Revival under Robson
Mixed 1990s
The Eriksson era
see 2006 FIFA World Cup...
see World Cup 2006 - Teams...
© This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
History - Germany
Germany is one of the most successful national football teams in the world. They have won the World Cup three times, behind only Brazil (five titles) and tied with Italy, and finished as runners-up four times. The Germans have also qualified for every World Cup they have entered (they did not enter the inaugural competition in 1930 and were barred from entering the 1950 tournament). Germany has also won the European Championship three times (France are the only other multiple-time winners with two titles), and finished as runners-up twice. The Germans failed to qualify for the first European Championship they entered in 1968 but have qualified for every subsequent tournament.
More in this subject:Early years
Post WWII
Memorable losses: "Wembley goal" and "Game of the Century"
World Cup title on home soil
Late 1970s and early 1980s
Beckenbauer's triumph as coach
Mixed results in the 1990s
Into the 21st century
see 2006 FIFA World Cup...
see World Cup 2006 - Teams...
© This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
History - Mexico
Mexico participated in the first World Cup in 1930 but did not appear in the tournament until 1950. From 1950 onwards (aided by the comparative paucity of the North American region in footballing terms), Mexico qualified for six consecutive World Cups including the hosting of the 1970 tournament.
Before 1970 Mexico struggled to make much impact in the World Cup when compared to European and South American teams and won only once in five tournaments (in 1962, a 3-1 win over Czechoslovakia). However, they undoubtedly showed measurable improvement in each tournament - only 1 point gained in 1958, 2 points each in 1962 and 1966. Goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal had the rare distinction of playing in five consecutive World Cups, establishing himself as a legend of the international game. Midfielder Salvador Reyes played in the 1958, 1962 and 1966 tournaments.
In 1970, Mexico was able to make a breakthrough on home soil. Drawn in Group 1, they kicked off with a scoreless draw against the Soviet Union, followed by wins over El Salvador (4-0) and Belgium (1-0). Aginst Italy in the quarter-finals, they took the lead before going down 4-1.
Unfortunately, progress was not sustained as Mexico failed to qualify for 1974 (Haiti, surprisingly, qualified from the region) but returned in 1978 only to put in a poor showing with defeats to West Germany, Tunisia and Poland. A young Hugo Sanchez played in the 1978 team and later went on to achieve success at Real Madrid. They failed to qualify for 1982, but hosted the 1986 tournament and reached the quarter-finals once again.
Mexico was disqualified from the 1990 qualifiers due to fielding an overage player in a youth tournament, but have since qualified for four consecutive World Cups.
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History - Paraguay
Paraguay participated in the first World Cup in 1930 and also appeared in the 1950 tournament. Throughout their history they have proven to be a competitive force in South American football as two Copa América wins attest.
Paraguay surprisingly qualified ahead of Uruguay (beating them 5-0 in the decisive game) for the 1958 World Cup with a team that contained a formidable attacking lineup with stars such as Juan Aguero, Jose Parodi, Juan Romero, Cayetano Ré and Florencio Amarilla. In their first game in Sweden, Paraguay were 3-2 up against France in a game they lost 7-3. A 3-2 win over Scotland and a 3-3 draw with Yugoslavia saw Paraguay finish third in their group.
The departure of several of their stars for European football (mainly Spain) resulted in a weakening of Paraguay's football fortunes somewhat, but they were only edged out by Mexico in the 1962 qualifiers. Paraguay fell short in subsequent World Cup qualifying campaigns, but Copa América success (and that of one of its premier clubs Olimpia in the Copa Libertadores) sured up Paraguay as a solid player on the continent.
Paraguay ended a 28-year absence from the World Cup in 1986 with a team starring midfield playmaker Romerito. They reached the second round where they were beaten 3-0 by England. Since then Paraguay have qualified for three successive World Cups and established a reputation as a defensively obdurate team.
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History - Serbia-and-Montenegro
Although the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formed on April 28, 1992, because of the international sanctions due to the Yugoslav wars banning the country from international sporting events, the football team didn't play its first match until 23 December 1994, when they lost to Brazil. Since then the team has qualified for the World Cup twice, in 1998 and 2006, and for the European Championship once, in 2000. In 2003, with the renaming of the country, the team assumed its current name.
Early on May 21, 2006 Montenegro voted to dissolve its political union with Serbia. This means that Montenegro will become a sovereign state and there will be separate Serbian and Montenegrin national teams competing in future tournaments. This will not affect the finals of the 2006 World Cup for which Serbia and Montenegro has qualified.
Since the Republic of Serbia is the legal successor of Serbia-Montenegro state union, after 2006 World Cup finals in Germany, the existing national team will simply modify its name to Serbia and assume its place in Euro 2008 qualifying where it is drawn in group A.
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History - Spain
Spain made their international debut in 1920 at the Olympic Games in Belgium and came away with the silver medal. They played their first home international in 1921, beating Belgium 2-0 in Bilbao. They also became the first non-British side to beat England when they won a friendly in Madrid 4-3 in 1929. Yet since then they have considerably under-achieved, despite La Liga being one of the strongest domestic leagues in Europe. They have won just one major trophy, the second European Championship in 1964, in which they had the benefit of home advantage. They beat the USSR 2-1 in the final in front of a crowd of 125,000 at the Bernabéu. The build-up to the match had been highly politically-charged, as Spain had refused to play in the USSR during the previous tournament in 1960. Jesus María Pereda put the Spanish ahead after just six minutes but they needed a late Marcelino Martínez header to win it after Galimzian Khusainov equalised with a free-kick.
At Euro 2004, Spain was drawn into group A with Portugal, Russia and Greece. The Spanish team were touted as heavy favorites for the 2004 crown by the European media. They were also expected heavy favorites to qualify from their group. On June 12th, Spain expectedly defeated Russia, 1-0. Four days later Spain faced Greece. Determined to win, Spain led the match until Greece scored an equalizer and the match ended 1-1. In their last game against Portugal, Spain needed to win to qualify for the quarterfinals. However a goal from Nuno Gomes faded Spain's hopes of advancing. The same day Greece were defeated 2-1 by Russia but moved ahead to claim second place on goal difference. As a result Spain were eliminated from Euro 2004.
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History - United-States
The United States is a side that enjoyed early competitive success. In the 1930 World Cup, the Americans won the first match in World Cup history (3-0 over Belgium in Montevideo, Uruguay—occurring simultaneously with another "first game" across town where France defeated Mexico). American player Bert Patenaude then scored the first hat-trick in World Cup history as the U.S. defeated Paraguay, 3-0.
In that first Cup, USA advanced to the semifinals, finishing as a semi-finalist, still the all-time best World Cup performance by the men's team.Note [1] Some British football historians have claimed that the U.S. team at that competition was loaded with non-native players from British professional leagues. The facts do not support that assertion.Note [2]
In the 1950 World Cup, the U.S. team pulled off one of the greatest upsets in soccer history, handing England its first ever World Cup defeat 1-0, after England had recently beaten the rest of Europe 6-1 in an exhibition match. Some news agencies in England reported the match result as 10-1 to England, a result which would perhaps have been less surprising. However, the U.S. failed to advance from group play after losing to Spain.
The United States struggled in international soccer for the next 40 years and was controversially awarded the 1994 World Cup in 1988, even though they had not qualified for a World Cup since 1950. The U.S. did qualify for the 1990 World Cup on a dramatic 1-0 road win over Trinidad and Tobago on a goal from Paul Caligiuri - termed the 'Shot Heard Round The World' in American soccer circles. Although they were eliminated from the 1990 World Cup without earning a point, the side rebounded to win the first ever CONCACAF Gold Cup in 1991.
The United States was picked by some to become the first host country to fail to advance to the second round in the 1994 World Cup, but a tie with Switzerland and a stunning 2-1 upset of Colombia put the U.S. in the knockout round, where they lost 1-0 to eventual champion Brazil.
In the 1998 World Cup, the team struggled to an 0-3 record, including a disappointing loss to Iran, and a last-place finish. Head coach Steve Sampson received much of the blame for the performance.[3]
The team's best performance since 1930 came in the 2002 World Cup, when the U.S. reached the quarterfinals. They were one of the major surprises at the 2002 event, stunning highly fancied Portugal 3-2 in group play, defeating continental rivals Mexico 2-0 in the second round, and narrowly losing to eventual runner-up Germany in the quarterfinals 1-0.
The U.S. men are now considered a highly competitive side. In recent years, USA has become known for producing goalkeepers; three U.S. keepers started in the English Premier League in the 2003-04 season. Two of the three combined to win back-to-back Goalkeeper of the Year awards, as voted by the players, with Brad Friedel in 2002-03 and Tim Howard in 2003-04.
Since its recent successes, the team has been consistently ranked in the top 15 of the FIFA World Rankings; its highest-ever rank was 4th, first obtained in April 2006. More Americans than ever now have successful careers in European leagues, and the country's youth team is strong, as shown by the under-19s winning the 2005 Milk Cup.
The USA has had more men reach 100 caps (international appearances) than any other country, with nine to date.
On September 3, 2005, they qualified for their 8th World Cup by beating Mexico 2-0 in Columbus, Ohio. The United States was drawn for Group E in the World Cup, and will face Italy, Ghana, and the Czech Republic in the group stage. Because of the high FIFA ranking of the sides in Group E, it has been frequently called this Cup's group of death along with Group C.
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History - italy
More in this subject:
Origins and first two World Cups (1910-1938)
Bad performance in Post-World War II (1950-1966)
From the European Cup to World Cup (1968-1982)
Recent years
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